and 66:15–18, has been largely evacuated in the portrayal of ‘tongues of fire’ (Acts 2:3). (4) At some point within Judaism Pentecost came to be celebrated as the giving of the law and renewal of the covenant, in which case there would have been scope to insert the idea of the Spirit as replacing the law and inaugurating the new covenant (cf. 2 Cor. 3:3–6). Indeed, a later Jewish tradition elaborates the account of the giving of the law in ways not dissimilar to Luke’s account of many languages being